Tomb of Horemheb

Description

Type of resource	still image

Creators/Contributors

Creator	Sullivan, Elaine A.

Bibliographic information

Contained on project page	Title Model Metadata: Dynasty 18
ORIGINAL OWNER OR SPONSOR OF STRUCTURE (Owner/Builder)	Title Horemheb
TYPE OF MONUMENT (Type)	Title Temple tomb
TEMPORAL PERIOD OF ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION (First Period)	Title New Kingdom
DYNASTY OF ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION (First Dynasty)	Title Dynasty 18
ROYAL REIGN OF ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION (First King)	Title Tutankhamun
SITE	Title Saqqara
MODERN SCHOLAR/EXPLORER FIRST DOCUMENTING STRUCTURE (Discoverer)	Title Mariette
YEAR OF REDISCOVERY IN MODERN TIMES (Years)	Title 1863?
TYPE OF STRUCTURE (3D Model Type)	Title Custom model
DATE OF MODEL CONSTRUCTION OR UPDATE (3D Model Data)	Title 2016.0
NAME OF 3D MODELER	Title Cori Hoover
SOFTWARE USED FOR MODEL BUILD	Title SketchUp Pro
COPYRIGHT (Copyright)	Title UC Regents, 3D Saqqara Project
SOURCES/REFERENCES FOR 2D BASE DATA (Citation)	Title Polygon data from Bresciani and Giammarusti (2003) added to and emended by GIS Supervisor and Senior Surveyor Emanuele Brienza (2010)
DESCRIPTION – ORIGINAL HEIGHT OF STRUCTURE IN METERS (Height Original(m))	Title pyramid 7.75 (estimated)
DESCRIPTION – ORIGINAL LENGTH OF STRUCTURE IN METERS (Length Original(m))	Title ~65, rear wall to exterior of first pylon and court; ~48 from rear wall to exterior of second pylon
DESCRIPTION – ORIGINAL WIDTH OF STRUCTURE IN METERS (Width Original(m))	Title ~17.25 (second pylon), ~20m (first pylon)
SOURCES/REFERENCE USED AS BASIS FOR 3D MODEL CONSTRUCTION (3D Data Source)	Title Geoffrey Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutankhamun I: Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Commentary, Excavation Memoir 55 (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1989) and Maarten Raven et al., The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutankhamun V: The Forecourt and Area South of the Tomb with Some Notes on the Tomb of Tia, Papers on Archaeology of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities 6 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011)
DESCRIPTION – ORIGINAL EXTERIOR MATERIAL (3D Texture)	Title Mud-brick, mud plaster, limestone, white plasterA white plaster texture was applied to all exterior walls, mud-plaster to the first pylon and forecourt walls, and a limestone block pattern to the second pylon and interior of the outer peristyle, inner peristyle, and central sanctuary. The papyriform columns and doorway elements were given a simple limestone texture. The floors of the entire structure were textured to represent the stone paving originally present at the monument. The pyramidion was given a granite texture. The mud-brick pyramid was (hypothetically) represented as white plastered.
UNCERTAINTY LEVEL FOR 3D MODEL CONSTRUCTION	Title 1.0
Elevation - placement in model ASL	Title 55.8 (base of mud-brick and stone pylons)
Discussion of virtual reconstruction and interpretative choices	Title Horemheb’s tomb consisted of a mud-brick pylon and forecourt, limestone-faced second pylon, peristyle outer court, statue room and side chapels, inner peristyle court, and three rear chapels, the central of which supported a pyramid. The tomb was constructed in three phases and expanded as the general gained power; the model version here shows the final stage of development and greatly simplifies the forms of the monument; the publication of Martin (1989: 7–132, pls. 5, 8–14) was used for the dimensions and ground plan of the core structure; Maarten Raven et al. (2011: 25–35, figs. I.4–I.6) was used for the reconstruction of the first pylon and forecourt.The height of Horemheb’s first (mud-brick) pylon is preserved to 3.15m in modern times. The pylon originally had an inward batter and was coated with mud-plaster; the original height remains unknown, and it is unclear if it was ever finished. In the model, it was visualized as a finished work, 7.65m tall, based on the size of the base; it was extended slightly higher than the second (stone) pylon, but this is highly speculative. Holes in the lower portion of the pylon were judged by the excavators to have been left by scaffolding. Only 1.3m of the original limestone gateway in the first pylon remains today; the original height of this feature was estimated in the model to extend ~20cm taller than the gate in the second pylon (5.3m vs. 5.1m). The forecourt was paved with limestone flooring and enclosed by a 2.3m tall mud-brick wall, the interior and exteriors of which were mud-plastered.The second pylon measured 7.5m, with an interior gate height of 5.1m (Martin 1989: fig. 12). The papyrus bundle columns in the peristyle outer court measured 3.23m (bottom of base to top of abacus), and those in the inner second court 2.26m (base to top of abacus) (Martin 1989: 22 and fig. 8). The axial reconstruction drawings suggested that the original height of the top of the roof line in the outer court (from floor level) measured ~4m, and that of the inner court and rear sanctuary area less than 3m; neither includes the higher height of torus molding extending up above the flat roof line (Martin 1989: pl. 8).The mud-brick pyramid that presumably sat atop the central chapel was destroyed when rear parts of the tomb were disassembled; the excavator’s reconstruction suggested that it may have extended ~7.75m tall above ground level (about 4.75m up from the roof line). Fragments of an uninscribed granite pyramidion were found by the excavators west of the tomb; it measured 66.5cm, was included in the excavator’s reconstructed height (Martin 1989: 8, fig. 18), and is included in the model here. The original exterior treatment of the period is unknown; it is shown here with a white plaster coating.
Part of publication	Title Sullivan, Elaine A. Constructing the Sacred: Visibility and Ritual Landscape at the Egyptian Necropolis at Saqqara, Redwood City: Stanford University Press 2020, http://doi.org/10.21627/2020cts
Location	https://purl.stanford.edu/tt604mf3291

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Stanford University, 2019.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Constructing the Sacred Archive

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