Arctic Ice Chart, October 31, 1994

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Abstract/Contents

Abstract: This polygon shapefile contains ice observations in the Arctic region for October 31, 1994. This layer is part of the Arctic Climate System (ACSYS) Historical Ice Chart Archive. The earliest chart in the data set comes from 1553, when Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor, commanders of two expeditions sent out by the Company of Merchant Adventurers, recorded their observations of the ice edge. Early charts are irregular and infrequent, reflecting the remoteness and hostility of the region. The frequency of observations generally increases over time, as the economic and strategic importance of the Arctic grew, along with the ability to access, observe and record information on sea ice. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Tromso used a combination of satellite imagery and in situ observations to produce daily digital charts each working day. These show not only the ice edge, but also detailed information on the range of sea ice concentrations and ice types. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute is continuing this series, and more recent charts may be obtained from this source.
Purpose: The ACSYS Historical Ice Chart Archive presents historical sea-ice observations in the Arctic region between 30ºW and 70ºE. The earliest chart dates from 1553, and the most recent from December 2002.

Type of resource	cartographic, software, multimedia
Form	Shapefile
Extent	0.053
Publisher	Arctic Climate System (ACSYS)
Publication date	2003
Language	English
Digital origin	born digital
Map data	1:24000Scale not given. ; Custom projection W 55°51ʹ9ʺ--E 78°22ʹ3ʺ/N 87°46ʹ53ʺ--N 66°7ʹ53ʺ, Scale not given ; EPSG::4326

Creator	Arctic Climate System (ACSYS)

Subject	Sea ice
Subject	Arctic Ocean
Subject	1994
Subject	Climatology, Meteorology and Atmosphere
Subject	Oceans
Genre	Geospatial data
Genre	Cartographic dataset

Supplemental information	Vessels sailing to the Arctic to explore or to hunt whales and seals made early sea-ice observations. Over the centuries, technological advances and commercial opportunities in the Arctic led to more frequent and regular sea-ice observations, with associated increasing accuracy. As sailing ships gave way to steam powered vessels, and with the advent of aircraft and satellites, regular mapping of sea ice conditions became an organized activity. From 1967 onwards, hand drawn weekly charts were produced, showing not only an ice edge, but also concentrations of sea ice within the ice pack. Since July 1997, improved technology allowed daily production of digital sea ice maps on workdays.
WGS84 Cartographics	This layer is presented in the WGS84 coordinate system for web display purposes. Downloadable data are provided in native coordinate system or projection.
Location	https://purl.stanford.edu/fr768xy4298

Use and reproduction: If you use this data, please refer to it using this citation:
ACSYS, 2003. ACSYS Historical Ice Chart Archive (1553-2002). IACPO Informal Report No. 8. Tromsø, Norway: Arctic Climate System Study.
License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY).

Preferred citation: ACSYS, 2003. ACSYS Historical Ice Chart Archive (1553-2002). IACPO Informal Report No. 8. Troms, Norway: Arctic Climate System Study.

Arctic Climate System Study Historical Ice Chart Archive, 1553-2002

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